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Microsoft Word began life as Multi-Tool Word for Xenix in 1983. It was renamed Microsoft Word and ported to MS-DOS in 1983, the Macintosh in 1985, and Windows in 1989. It has been the dominant word processing program on the Mac since 1988 and on Windows since 1993.
When Apple introduced the original Macintosh in January 1984, it also introduced two programs so Mac users could do something with the new computer, MacWrite and MacPaint. With these essentially free apps bundled with the computer, it would be an uphill battle to sell alternative word processing and paint programs – but that didn't stop anyone.
Word was rooted in Bravo, the GUI word processor created at Xerox PARC. Microsoft hired Charles Simonyi, Bravo's 'father', in 1981, and Multi-Tool Word was released for Xenix in 1983. It was ported to MS-DOS later in the year, where the name was simplified to Word. Word was the first WYSIWYG (or semi-WYSIWYG) word processing program for DOS – it could display bold, italic, and underlined text, although it could not display different typefaces or sizes. Word for MS-DOS was designed to work with a mouse, and Microsoft even offered a bundle that included Word and the new-fangled input device. The mouse and semi-WYSIWYG display gave Word two big advantages over Wordstar, then the most popular word processing software in the world, and WordPerfect, the rising star in the DOS world.
Word for MS-DOS had been written to support high-resolution displays, even though DOS computers didn't yet have them, which made it easier to port the program to the Macintosh. The first version of Word for Mac was released in 1985, and Word 3.0 in 1987. (There was no Word 2.0 for Mac. The second version was called 3.0 to match the numbering of the current DOS version.)
Unfortunately, Word 3.0 was 'plagued with bugs', and within a few months Microsoft fixed them and mailed free Word 3.0.1 disks to all registered Word 3.0 users. Word 4.0 came to market in 1989, the same year that Apple spun off its software to its Claris subsidiary and MacWrite stopped being free. By this time, Microsoft already owned the Mac word processing market with over 50% of market share. MacWrite II peaked at just over 30% market, quickly dropping off until Apple discontinued MacWrite Pro in 1994.
Mac word processor market share by units, 1988 to 1997.
Many Mac users consider Word 5.1a to be the best version ever released. The original Word 5.0 for Mac reached the market in 1991, and the upgrade to 5.1 in 1992. After all those years, Word still worked very well on compact Macs with their 9″ 512 x 342 pixel black and white displays.
Word 6.0, launched in 1993, is widely considered to be the worst version of Word ever for the Mac, as it was based on the same codebase as Word 6.0 for Windows. That meant that it looked and worked more like Windows software than a Macintosh program. Mac users were so up in arms that Microsoft actually released a Word 5.1 downgrade to unhappy Word 6.0 owners.
It was five years before Microsoft unleashed another version of Word for the Mac, and at that point Microsoft adopted a new numbering scheme: Henceforth versions of Word would be identified by the year of release, so the new version was Word 98 (Microsoft began this in 1995 with Word 95 for Windows). Subsequent versions of Word were 2001, v.X (the first version for Mac OS X, also released in 2001), 2004, and 2008, which is the current version.
Word 98 was the first version of Word that was not only file-compatible with Word 97 for Windows, but also compatible with macro viruses.
Mac Version History
This article is a work in progress dusted off from 2008 and is in need of updates.
Word 1.0
1985
Word 3.0
1987
Word 4.0
1989: Last version that can be run using a daul-floppy Mac.
Word 5.0/5.1
1991 (5.1 – 1992): Requires System 6.0.2, 512 KB of RAM (1 MB for 5.1, 2 MB to use spell check and thesaurus), 6.5 MB available hard drive space. Last version to support 68000-based Macs.
Word 6.0
1993: Requires System 7.0, 4 MB of RAM (8 MB recommended), at least 10 MB available hard drive space, 68020 CPU. 68000-based Macs not supported.
Word 98 (8.0)
1997: Requires System 7.5 or later (7.5.5 recommended), PowerPC processor (120 MHz recommended), 16 MB of RAM installed, 640 x 480 8-bit color or 4-bit grayscale display, CD-ROM for installation. Part of Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition.
Word 2001 (9.0)
2000: Last version for Classic Mac OS, runs in Classic Environment of Mac OS X. Requires Mac OS 8.0 through 9.2.2, 8.5 or later recommended. Application requires 10 MB of RAM with virtual memory enabled, 17 MB without it.
Word v.X (10.0)
2001: First version written for OS X
Word 2004 (11.0)
2004: First Mac version to use XML format.
Word 2008 (12.0)
2008
Word 2011 (14.3)
1989: Last version that can be run using a daul-floppy Mac.
Word 5.0/5.1
1991 (5.1 – 1992): Requires System 6.0.2, 512 KB of RAM (1 MB for 5.1, 2 MB to use spell check and thesaurus), 6.5 MB available hard drive space. Last version to support 68000-based Macs.
Word 6.0
1993: Requires System 7.0, 4 MB of RAM (8 MB recommended), at least 10 MB available hard drive space, 68020 CPU. 68000-based Macs not supported.
Word 98 (8.0)
1997: Requires System 7.5 or later (7.5.5 recommended), PowerPC processor (120 MHz recommended), 16 MB of RAM installed, 640 x 480 8-bit color or 4-bit grayscale display, CD-ROM for installation. Part of Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition.
Word 2001 (9.0)
2000: Last version for Classic Mac OS, runs in Classic Environment of Mac OS X. Requires Mac OS 8.0 through 9.2.2, 8.5 or later recommended. Application requires 10 MB of RAM with virtual memory enabled, 17 MB without it.
Word v.X (10.0)
2001: First version written for OS X
Word 2004 (11.0)
2004: First Mac version to use XML format.
Word 2008 (12.0)
2008
Word 2011 (14.3)
2011
Sources/Further Reading
- Microsoft Word, Wikipedia
- Word Refuseniks: Never Upgrade, Leander Kahney, Wired, 2006.17.05
- Why I Love Microsoft Word 5.1a, Erik Thau-Knudsen, 2006.09.13
- Goodbye, Cruel Word, Steven Poole, 2007.09.02
Welcome back to our weekly Heisman Watch for the 2020 college football season. Throughout the season, ESPN.com writers will vote on their top Heisman Trophy candidates.
To get the final rankings, we use the following methodology: 12 voters, five votes each. Points system: five points for first-place votes, four points for second-place votes, three points for third-place votes, two points for fourth-place votes and one point for fifth-place votes.
Voters: Bill Connelly, Heather Dinich, David M. Hale, Sam Khan Jr., Chris Low, Harry Lyles Jr., Ryan McGee, Adam Rittenberg, Alex Scarborough, Mark Schlabach, Tom VanHaaren, Dave Wilson
1. Mac Jones, QB, Alabama
Total points: 53 (first-place votes: 6/12)
Notable: Jones tossed for 385 yards and four touchdowns in a blowout win over LSU on Saturday. It was an eye-popping -- but typical -- performance for Bama's QB. His QBR of 96.3 remains tops in the FBS this season.
Quotable: 'It's hard to express just how well Steve Sarkisian has this offense rolling right now. Mac Jones is a Heisman Trophy favorite, and now DeVonta Smith is making his case for votes.' -- Alex Scarborough
Heisman odds: -110
Odds courtesy of Caesars Sportsbook by William Hill
2. Kyle Trask, QB, Florida
Total points: 53 (first-place votes: 5/12)
Notable: Trask kept pace with Jones in the Heisman battle, throwing for 433 yards and four TDs in a win over Tennessee. One more regular-season game remains before Trask and Jones face off in the SEC championship on Dec. 19.
Quotable: 'It is not overstating it to say that Kyle Trask has helped rejuvenate the Gators' program, taking a star turn at the star position to get Florida back into the SEC championship game.' -- Chris Low
Heisman odds: -110
3. Trevor Lawrence, QB, Clemson
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Total points: 27 (first-place votes: 0)
Notable: Lawrence had a solid game in the Tigers' big win over Virginia Tech -- he threw for a TD and ran for two more -- but he still has a hill to climb to unseat Jones and Trask.
Quotable: 'Given the big games for the guys ahead of him, his Heisman chances are looking increasingly slim. On the upside, Deshaun Watson was twice in the top three in voting without winning it, but he got some better hardware in the end.' -- David Hale
Heisman odds: +1400
4. DeVonta Smith, WR, Alabama
Total points: 24 (first-place votes: 1/12)
Notable: Because the Crimson Tide have so many options on offense, it's easy to overlook Smith. But it'd be tough to do so after Saturday's performance against LSU -- Smith hauled in eight receptions for 231 yards and three touchdowns.
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Quotable: 'Obviously it was frustrating seeing a guy get 200 yards in one half,' LSU coach Ed Orgeron said of the game.
Heisman odds: +3000
Others receiving votes:
Total points in parentheses: Justin Fields, QB, Ohio State (9); Ian Book, QB, Notre Dame (6); Najee Harris, RB, Alabama (3); Jaret Patterson, RB, Buffalo (2); Breece Hall, RB, Iowa State (1); Kyle Pitts, TE, Florida (1)
